Castagneto Carducci, a small village once surrounded by walls, is located on top of a hill, dominated by the Castle of the Counts of Gherardesca. The city center is developed in a pattern of concentric rings that result in a set of streets, alleys and squares that show in the past, of which we can still find some old testimonies. Castagneto, which also includes the towns of Bolgheri, Marina di Donoratico Donoratico and brings together in its territory a wide variety of natural environments: the beach, the pine forests of the coast, the areas that are reminiscent of the ancient Maremma, the countryside dotted with villas, the farms and houses, the hills by the shapes and colors typical Tuscan cuisine, the ancient alleys of the country.

An islet, or more exactly a rocky outcrop surrounded by cliffs above the water in the Upper Tyrrhenian Sea, nine kilometers long and two wide, in front of Livorno which is just a short distance to the sea: this is the Meloria, famous for the battle of August 6, 1284 which marked the great defeat of the Pisan fleet perpetrated by the Genoese. But the Meloria is also a place, from antiquity to the present, for the extraordinary landscape and nature, for morphological details that distinguish it. In this book, a famous explorer of the exotic seas of the Mediterranean and in particular, how Folco Quilici, a historic student of Marco Tangheroni as Olimpia Vaccari, a naturalist and Livorno, such as Gianfranco Barsotti, who Meloria and nature below the its sea knows all, we return to this place that belongs to the collective of the civilizations of the Mediterranean's most important aspects. The book also in the photographs of Fabio Jackdaw, for the emerged part, and William Cicerchia and Federico Fiorillo, for the submerged part, amazing images and highly suggestive.

 

Cursed meloria

Renzo Castelli

The defeat still burns with Genoa, seven centuries later. Maybe it's time to get over it ... I'm not rooting athlete nor traditions are often a little 'fake driven by tourism, to draw the very soul of a city. In the case of Pisa, his "pisanità." In a few cities, like this one, the story, and then the remote past, have left their mark so marked and conditioning. Pisa has too much memory - the Etruscan origin, the size of its navy - to forget. That's why even today the Meloria is not only the name of a battle ended in defeat, one of many that man has fought on land and sea, but it is the death of a city-state, the humiliation of its citizens. With the Meloria (1284) Pisa has lost her pride, dreams, royalty, and never will forget the lost power. The city-state he bowed his head, perhaps forever, and never forget again. Pisa, which had been (Rudolf Borchardt) "an empire of sails", it remains for ever and ever defeat a city, humiliated, disappointed. Pisa, or wounded pride. It was not just Meloria to dig the large groove that casts its shadow down to us. For the 12,000 dead of the battle that wiped out the soul of the great city-states, were joined by 6 thousand prisoners brought in chains in the prison Genoese module that caused a demographic crisis that seemed irreparable. "This situation - says the historian Emilio Tolaini - led to a sharp increase immigrativo from the country that made it possible to reconstruct in some way the network traffic." But the return to a seminormalità was not true glory: just a century later, in fact, the Florentines buy Pisa and its port.

If it is true that every city has its own soul which is the result of the souls of those who have always lived, many agree that Pisa still a sullenness is the daughter of the most stinging defeat. Grumpy therefore, proud that he judged Borchardt in the last century, and the judgment still stands. For these reasons, nell'effervescente and inventive Tuscany, in the blasphemous, Pisa is placed with different characters from every other tower. The "pisanità", even today, it means mistrust because distrust is the daughter of wounded pride. Not by chance Curzio Malaparte, in designing its Cursed Tuscans, glissò entirely of Pisa. He confessed: "I do not understand them, they Pisa. They have a character evasive, disingenuous. It almost seems like something that should be forgiven. But what? ". The answer would be the same today: to be forgiven to have lost. Yet Malaparte loved Pisa, nightclubs as well as its silences the voices of the students, the extraordinary beauty of the marble and the Arno river that flowed to the sea. Although preferred that river and the ice storms of winter because the "peat" meant the entrance into the EEC Arno. And for a plate of EEC consumed in Piazza Garibaldi, at the inn of the Nile Montanari, Malaparte would have given up the ghost. (Do not know what are the EEC? We can not explain it: come to Pisa and you'll understand). And with the innkeeper friend, Malaparte confided: "You are a strange breed, but cooked well."

Dante saw to his own time and with some effectiveness to denounce the horrible guilt of Pisa. After Meloria, Count Ugolino della Gherardesca held liable for incompetence or betrayal of that defeat, he was locked up to starve to death, with his sons and grandsons in the historic tower in Piazza delle Sette Vie (today, the Knights of St. Stefano). The Dante's invective is strong, but if the poet had known the result would have written things even worse. The bones of Count Ugolino, in fact, were later buried in the face to the river along the river Tramontana and that land remained forever cursed. Who Tread today visit Pisa and its riversides, will find that long line of buildings is interrupted, just before the church of the Holy Sepulchre, by a garden, the only one that can appear on the embankment. But it is not a garden, and there is a cemetery: it is cursed land. Why not forget the people of Pisa. Even today the bones of the count found peace - hopefully - in the convent of St. Francis, on that land will never be allowed to build anything.

No, Pisa can not be considered a city "normal", as well understood Malaparte. Says Professor Silvano Burgalassi, a sociologist and expert on most of the soul of Pisa "Pisa lives of the past and unable to express the values ​​of art, spirituality, intelligence of which also bears. It is a kind of brake, almost a curse, which does not know how to free. Today we could no longer do the Piazza del Duomo or riversides because it would lack the ability of inspiration that were the Pisans before Meloria, when they ruled the seas and saw their mission in this divine something that should be celebrated with dignity. Since then, the soul of Pisa is suffering from wounded pride and is not capable of expressing a depth of thought that is in tune with their times. "

Yet Pisa today would have much to brag about. It has all the requirements to be a happy city: a mild climate, the sea six miles, the hill to seven, the mountain for skiing less than an hour, it has a central position, an international airport, a port (the "port of Pisa", which some call Livorno) at 20 kilometers, has three prestigious universities and one of the largest national nuclei of the CNR, he finally museums and monuments around the world envies us. But it is not a happy city.

How much will have to go because Pisa recover its serenity, forget his defeat and his empire lost, because the "pisanità" finally becomes a positive feeling? No one can say. But it will not be the folklore to heal the wounded pride. The Pisan contemporaries in shadow that simulates a false folklore, once a year, the glory of a maritime republic that no longer exists. Indeed, consider that race a little 'blasphemous, a comparison of muscular athletes who do not have the right to evoke the splendor of an era.

Yet the "pisanità" sick, this grumpy mood, this malaise of the present, often escapes to visitors. If Malaparte was wary of Pisa and Pisa, other visitors instead found a great serenity in the silence of the city, in its pathos.

Elizabeth Barrett wrote: "Pisa, here is a small, charming town of silence. Sleepy streets where grass grows between the stones, where groups of boys frolic in solitude. " Seen by others, Pisa can really look like, tender and silent rather than haughty and sullen. And then, tormented souls, Pisa can be ideal: if his wounded pride is not apparent, it remains untouched by the fragrant golden oasis that reigns in the streets and squares, so that Shelley could find the inspiration for the comporvi ' In elegy death of Keats and Leopardi write in an April night, the scent of wisteria, poetry A Silvia.

The first historical evidence of Castellina start with a household Etrusco Salivolpi place on the hill where there are currently visible an artesian well and the remains of the wall of the settlement. The nearby mound of Mount Calvary with four chamber tombs prepared to cross to the cardinal points, endorse the idea of ​​the importance of the site in the seventh and sixth centuries BC .

Relevant entities of the necropolis of Poggino in Fonterutoli brought to light a few years ago by the local Archaeological Group. The village of Castellina, in the current lease, has probably of Roman origin, but seems lost over the centuries, to the importance strategic - military had in the Middle Ages. The story of the Castellina Trebbiesi century, the name given by the nobles of Trebbio the coterie of the Counts Guidi, owners of a nearby castle whose remains are visible from Badiola labile. In the twelfth century it became an important military stronghold of Florence, situated on the border between the states of Florence and Siena. The main center of the 'old with the League of Chianti Radda and Gaiole in the thirteenth century later, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Castellina is the scene of raids and attacks by the state of Siena. These events forced the Florentines to be put in place continuous restructuring and reinforcement of the walls entrusting the supervision of works by famous architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi.

In 1478, while Florence is at war because of the conspiracy of the Pazzi, in Castellina is sent Giuliano da Sangallo restore strong defense structures: in this episode there is a comprehensive chronicle in the "Lives" by Vasari. Baldassare Castiglione in his "Courier" instead describes a siege of forty days by the Duke of Calabria, opponent Medici, where they were used as the artiglieriedell'epoca bombards, catapults and projectiles "medicated" capable of causing epidemics and plagues. After the end of the war back to Castellina Florentine Medici in 1483. In the sixteenth century, the country lost its strategic importance. The war between Siena and Florence is finished and in the unification of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany Cosimo I de 'Medici transforms the old military outpost in rural center structured according to the canons of the farm as sharecroppers. In 1865 he founded the town of Castellina and its headquarters were moved in 1927 in the restored medieval fortress of the town square. The Second World War saw the country scene of the passage of the front. The bombing destroyed the ancient Porta Fiorentina at the extreme north of Via Ferruccio and the adjacent parish church was seriously damaged facade and bell tower are rebuilt and modified in its present form at the end of the conflict

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The Etruscan Coast, its hills, its headlands, are the places where you can find Castiglioncello, suspended between the white beaches, cliffs carved by the wind, medieval villages, bays, creeks and hills of the Mediterranean. On the beach you are in the shade of the pines, junipers accompany you from the rocks, the oaks are just a step away from the sea.

Between sea and nature in short, winding path that leads to small architectural treasures, artistic, kept between the folds of this beloved land by the Etruscans who have littered with important evidence.

Castiglioncello is the pearl of the Etruscan Coast, an enchanted rediscovered over the centuries, even after the Etruscans, Romans, by noble Florentines in the Medieval Age, politicians of all the 900, by poets which D'Annunzio is the most known as Great directors, actors, writers and so forth.

The '50s and '60s saw Castiglioncello protagonist of the first order of the phenomena of renewal mundane and customs of our Italian, important films of our cinematic history were here the first stirrings, there is the famous character in those years has not passed for Castiglioncello. I deliberately postponed the presence of Painters Macchiaioli, the Impressionists Italian, that from the second half of 1800 attended continuously witnessed by the works named this promontory in Castiglioncello, coming to give life to the School of Painting in Castiglioncello. Not by chance Castiglioncello lent itself to provide the basis of observation of those Mediterranean colors-Tuscan Italian Impressionism was trying to customize taking the cue from the bottom of the main European schools.

 

A part of the deal which Painters Macchiaioli Edward Borrani, Giovanni Costa, Giovanni Fattori, Signorini, Giuseppe Abbati, Vincenzo Cabianca, Peter Sense, Ugo Manaresi, Adolfo Tommasi, Vittorio Corcos, Alfredo Muller, John Bartolena, because their work is of such vital for Italian painting, requiring a large chapter.

Castiglioncello is still more than before and also art, entertainment, culture, Castiglioncello Festival lasts almost all year round and is in charge of maintaining ARMUNIA always on this hotbed of theater, music, debate on the big issues of Philosophy, Semiotics, Infants Education, Literature, Sculpture. The Etruscan Coast, Castiglioncello, a place, a place where life can still afford to move more slowly than elsewhere. The medieval villages, set against the rolling hills and rich in a thousand-year history, they have cobbled streets, churches, libraries, towered palaces, churches and castles, which are reviving a past time that seems so close here. At their feet the sea which is the heart of the Etruscan Coast and that is your constant companion. He lives in the history of this area, in its landscapes, sunsets colors and perfumes the air.

 

It 'a sea alive and vital, populated by wildlife pregiata.Le beaches come in the pine forests and groves of lime trees and tamarisk, whose aromas perfume the air and mingle with the smell of salt.

And the Mediterranean, with the afternoon after that go to the beach is nearly touching the crystal clear sea.

All the beauty is at a stone's throw away, the oasis of Bolgheri and Magona, and the hills of Livorno, protected areas, wildlife refuges populated by rare and precious species, a campaign full of colors and scents: Coast of the Etruscans nature, salvagurdata and protected, not only setting, but the essence of this land.

 

Olive groves, holm oaks and cork oaks, chestnut trees, are crossed by paths that lead to embroidery villages,

ancient monuments, but also to the city of Pisa, Volterra, San Gimignano, Siena, Arezzo, Florence, and then to hamlets such as Bolgheri, Bibbona, Donoratico, Massa Marittima, Calci.

In the fertile countryside, which stretches from the sea to the hill slopes, unravels the wine road, illuminated by the sun filtering through the trees and shines the vineyards, a journey of the senses and the soul.

E 'in Bolgheri which was founded in 1970, Sassicaia, not just a wine but one of the legends of the world.

In just twenty years in this area there has been a boom in the production of wine of excellent quality.

That area was marginal throughout the long range of hills between Castiglioncello Piombino, has become the place of the apotheosis of Italian wine, taking in tow all the other products of this land, honey, extra virgin olive oil.

 

And in this land of the Maremma, where there are three names for the Wine of Origin (Montescudaio - Bolgheri - Val Di Cornia), gastronomy is an ancient art that finds nourishment in the quality of local products and in the imagination of cooks, giving rise to real places of worship for gourmets from all over the world to rediscover the flavors and tastes forgotten

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Despite Cecina is a small town rather recently, on its territory have been unearthed ancient artifacts from various eras (the Palaeolithic, the Etruscan, Roman), whose testimonies can be admired in the eighteenth-century villa of the "Fifty" a museum of Etruscan-Roman and an ethnographic museum easily accessible through an avenue there joins the sea at San Pietro in Palazzi. Of particular historical interest is all that remains of the Roman villa of San Vincenzino. On the remains of this villa, where you can see the foundations, mosaics and an underground cistern, stands a villa with its interesting archaeological exhibitions

 

The tree belt that extends north and south of Marina di Cecina, between Vada and Bibbona, and occupies a total area of ​​400 acres stretching along the coast for more than 15 km, is the Biogenetic Nature Reserve Tomboli Cecina . This important botanical complex owes its birth to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Leopold II, who in 1839 ordered its creation to complete the reclamation of the swamp that stretched around the Cecina River.

Between the sea and the pine forests from Vada to Bibbona

From the center of Vada we head towards the resort area, but shortly before reaching it, turn left on the paved road that runs not far dall'arenile. Continue this for about 3 miles until you reach the paved road to Mill Fire. On this turn right shortly after coming to a clearing. Here, take Forest Road, a nice track closed to cars by rail that goes into the pine forest. After about 1 km paved and leads the way back, after overcoming a barrier, to cross another road on which you turn right coming to the beach. Keeping along the margins of the latter, you ride hard until you find, on the left, an opening specially crafted application that allows you to regain access to the pine forest. This goes completely crossed keeping as much as possible parallel to the coast line up to meet the asphalt road, on the right, go over bridge to overcome the Cecina River entering in Marina di Cecina.

From the bridge, turn left, you can reach Cecina, village built near the mouth of the river. The town was born in the nineteenth century, when the whole area was reclaimed from the marshes that once characterized much of the coast of Tuscany and Lazio. In the old town is definitely worth a visit to the villa Cinquantina, home of the Etruscan-Roman museum.

Who does not want to reach Cecina, immediately after the bridge turn right and cross the road coming Cecina Mare seafront. Follow it towards Bibbona until the road, come to the edge of town does not make a sharp left turn heading towards the pine forest. At this point we leave the asphalt road to the right to take a dirt road that is also in the pine forest rincrociando, shortly after, the asphalt. On this, turn right and after 100 meters you find, always to the right, a big wooden gate with a side opening for the passage of pedestrians and cyclists. Past the gate you enter the beautiful Biogenetic Reserve of Tombolos of Cecina, in the pine forest that has its strong point. He begins to walk a wide dirt track that shortly after arriving at the starting point of several hiking trails.

In the southern part of the Pineta di Cecina, in addition to some rest areas have been set up some routes marked with stamps of different colors depending on the length (these are also frequented by hikers, so caution is advised). The wooden arrows to follow are the ones with the green stamp, arrows soon to invite you to abandon the cart to turn right on a beautiful trail made from soft pine needles.

Gradually you get closer to the sea thus arriving to the area with interesting coastal dunes. Coastal dunes are colonized sandy undulations and, in practice, cemented by herbaceous vegetation resistant to salt. The dunes are a real rarity for Italian shores since the tourist facilities have resulted in, a large part of the Tyrrhenian coast, the disappearance of this natural protective barrier.

Always follow the green arrows after about 6.5 km you will reach the limits of the pine trees, close to Marina di Bibbona. Near the village of Marina di Bibbona, a few meters from the shore, you can admire the imposing fort of Bibbona, built in Medicean. Pedalling along the beach then you can observe interesting specimens of Phoenician juniper and swamps formed along the estuary of the pit Camilla.

At this point you can begin your journey back to Marina di Cecina, the path that runs along the easy track which passes completely through the pine forest. In this way you can from the gate that gives access to the pine forest, and Marina di Cecina and back across the bridge over the Cecina. From here on, just follow the asphalt to return to Vada.

The Roman villa of S. Vincenzino in Cecina.

 

Along the coast of 'northern Etruria, in what was once the territory of Volterra, numerous villas were built in Roman times, chosen as the residence with attached bottom, by the characters of illustrious rank.

This is the case of the Roman villa of S. Vincenzino. The archaeological complex, located on a natural relief of the land, near the modern town of Cecina, and skirted to the north by the river of the same name, not far from its outlet to the sea, while behind him ran the coastal road that connected Rome to Pisa and Liguria.

Known since the eighteenth century, it is traditionally attributed to the property of Albino Cecina, a member of the noble family of Volterra Caecina, who was praefectus urbi in 415 AD, based on the account of the journey of the Latin poet Rutilius Namaziano that here he found shelter and hospitality.

If you can not confirm the attribution to the owner, which now marks the place name in ancient maps and pilot books, often called "Villa Albini," there is no doubt that it is a building of considerable importance, divided into sectors different destination, which experienced subsequent amendments of use in the large historical period in which he lived (from the first century BC to the fifth century AD).

The first plant building, built on the model of urban villa with rooms spread over porch areas and gardens, was built in conjunction with the large water system consists of a large underground cistern that was used to supply the villa, exceptional complex still intact and can be visited, which extends in a series of tunnels equipped with a system for filtering and purifying water. In connection with the surface structures, a series of wells annular allowed to draw water.

Definitely added in the imperial era advanced (II-III century AD) are other buildings, such as the Terme district, consisting of the canonical series of rooms intended for bathrooms are accented with a remarkable architectural and sculptural decoration, and the big summer triclinium with nymph not served by the water system original. In this context, stands the discovery of a headless statue, in very fine alabaster representation of Isis.

At a later stage (III century AD.) Then a belongs to a productive sector for the pressing of the olives, which are the remains of the mill and a millstone, and structures for the processing of oil, which obliterates part of the environments of residence of the villa. Much of the archaeological remains and the complex can now be visited in the area of ​​the tank are arranged Park.

 

Quick guide for the search of its solutions for holidays in Cecina.

 

Those who approach the idea of ​​spending his holidays in Cecina will need to consult a guide to find hotels Hotels Cecina Cecina Cecina or Hotels.

 

The Italianists prefer to look for hotels or hotels on the Tuscan coast in Tuscany.

 

For those in search of the substance and a room can be enough rooms or rooms holiday accommodation Tuscany Coast Tuscany or even rooms for rent Tuscany should be appropriate search terms as well as rooms Cecina.

 

It should however consider that Cecina is situated on the Etruscan Coast, which is in fact in Tuscany sea, and the Coast Tuscany is unique in the world.

Then refer to the Help in the Tuscan coast hotels will be well oriented to the voice holidays Tuscan coast and search for hotels in the fen or, if you prefer, hotels Tuscany Coast.

 

Given that in recent years tourism has largely shown a preference for solutions besides housing type hotel, residences Cecina, Cecina holiday apartments, holiday apartments in the Tuscan coastline, have become frequent rumors of research on texts related tourism guide the Tuscan coast.

 

The search for residence on the Tuscan Coast could be profitable since the topic is more general summer holiday in Tuscany, apartments for rent, seaside tuscany, holidays on the sea.

 

It is not to be neglected even the search for rooms Donoratico, after all we are talking about Tuscany Italy, holiday apartment Tuscany, someone with more economic means looking Cecina villa or villa rentals Tuscany coast Cecina.

 

Then there is the chapter of the holiday apartment very popular among couples and even by couples with a baby. Studios for rent Tuscany is therefore a search term very profitable, as well as studios or studio Cecina Tuscany holidays.

 

For those who opted for a specific area such as the Etruscan Coast Cecina or in a particular way, it will be well to remember that the search terms to be extended in Cecina studios besides vacation rental Tuscany Tuscany or even sea or farm Cecina

 

It is also for this second chapter as previously said about the Etruscan Coast, then in reading pamphlets about Cecina or even where to sleep only to be sought in Tuscany or type the entries Donoratico residences, apartments Cecina, hotels or even Cecina Cecina hotels.

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St. Vincent was inhabited since ancient ages, the first traces of human presence dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period, and the site continued to be inhabited until the entry into historical times.

This is probably due to its fortunate position, where the metalliferous hills come nearly to the sea forming a narrow passage that connects the plains of the river Cecina with that of the river Cornia. The first known name is that of the Tower of San Vincenzo, derived from the coastal tower was once part of a private residence, but recently acquired by the City.

This tower is part of a series of forts and lookout lookouts scattered along the coast, built to defend the beach and the towns of the interior from the occasional pirate attacks.

The Etruscans certainly did not escape the strategic importance of St. Vincent, with two side valleys that affect the landing hill creating easy with the ability to go back to the inside. Moreover, the place was heavily populated due to its proximity to Populonia Lucumonia powerful at the time, and for the presence of minerals and extensive forests, and foundries, who made it definitely an industrial area of ​​extreme importance for the whole area.

Between the ninth and fifth centuries BC was exerted intense mining activity to which was tied a steel industry and an export trade which constituted a major source of wealth.

The Romans conquered the area, they made the move from San Vincenzo Via Aurelia and in all likelihood you built a village and harbor.

As a result of the barbarian invasions, the Lombards built on the hill overlooking the sea, the Castle of Biserno (in the current quarries of San Carlo) that, with the advent of the Germanic emperors, passed into the possession of the Gherardesca.

In 1304 the Republic of Pisa destroyed the castle and built the coastal tower, construction, initiated the formation of the first settlement made up of huts of fishermen and farmers, giving rise to the new community of San Vincenzo, realizzandovi also a customs and a wharf load.

With the fall of Pisa in 1406, the community passed under the dominion of Florence and became part of the territory of Campiglia.

The August 17, 1505 at the Tower of St Vincent the Florentine militia defeated Bartolomeo D'Alviano, commander of an army of fortune, who came running to the aid of the rebels Pisa. After this event, the community of San Vincenzo follow the fortunes of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until the unification of Italy.

St. Vincent became an independent municipality in 1949, it separated from that of Campiglia Marittima, by Decree of the President of the Republic n. 414 of 3 June 1949.

Wide beaches of white sand and very fine stretch of a cobalt sea.

The pine forest, stretching out to the sea, is dense and shady, full of trails for walking, hiking, horseback riding.

San Vincenzo combines natural beauty with the comforts of a welcoming and hospitable, making it an international tourist destination, where you can live all year round, relaxing holidays.

Inhabited since ancient times, then Etruscan and Roman settlement, now St. Vincent is a modern and efficient, plenty of accommodation and sporting facilities and a well-equipped marina.

It has an international reputation for its restaurants that offer dishes based on local products and wines of the area.

The Rimigliano, a rich natural environment and protected the nearby medieval villages, the Etruscan ruins of Baratti and Campiglia and the spa Venturina, make it the ideal center of gravity for interesting tours and excursions in the Etruscan Coast.

It 'a crystal clear sea that bathes San Vincenzo, edged by a thick pine wood, lush Mediterranean vegetation.

The beautiful beach of fine, golden sand, stretches for many kilometers and is home to stalibilmenti beaches alternating with long stretches of beach and the Blue Points, where you can rent chairs and umbrellas.

Dot the shoreline of the ancient Tower of St. Vincent, built in 1300, which gave its name to the place, along with other fortifications and lookout lookouts, once used to defend the coast from pirate attacks.

The air is clear and a light breeze favors the practice of water sports.

Ancient and important port for trade in goods, today the marina, spacious and equipped, is able to accommodate hundreds of boats

 

THE NATURAL PARK OF RIMIGLIANO - San Vincenzo (Livorno)

 

Unspoilt nature and protected characterizes the Rimigliano Natural Park, an oasis of flora and fauna, located directly on the sea, inviting walks in the countryside.

Founded in 1973, with an area of ​​about 120 hectares, the Park is one of the most charming places of the coast.

On the sand, that stretches between St. Vincent and the Gulf of Baratti, flowers lily of the sea and the sand dunes are covered with juniper, myrtle and mastic:

Holm oak and cork trees and pine trees lapping on the beach of fine golden sand.

The beach is free and is home to Blue Points, equipped with various amenities.

Live in the Park, among others, the wild rabbits, weasels and foxes, among birds, pheasants and tits.

Important tourist center famous for the "Giostra del Saracino" (jousting tournament that is held on the first Sunday of September each year) and for a major antiques fair (the first Sunday of each month). The Gothic cathedral, the monumental Piazza Grande, with the majestic Palace of the lodges by Giorgio Vasari, the Vasari same house beautifully frescoed, the birthplace of Francesco Petrarca, Palazzo dei Priori, the church of S. Maria delle Grazie and San Domenico (sec XIII - XIV), which preserves a valuable altar crucifix by Cimabue are just some of the works that give luster to this town with the famous church of San Francesco in which we find an impressive and prestigious cycle of frescoes of the "Legend of the True Cross" by Piero della Francesca: one of the greatest achievements of all the 400 and the scenic Pieve S. Maria, one of the most important Romanesque buildings in the region. Among the many fine museums include the "Medieval and Modern" and the Archaeological Museum with prehistoric, Roman and Etruscan mainly located at the remains of the Roman amphitheater.

 

Arezzo, m. 296 on a mild slope of the northern edge of the Val di Chiana where this is grafted with Casentino, Valdarno, with the wide grooves of the Arno, one to the east, the other west, the Apennine ridge Pratomagno (1592 m).

The city's population is 108,000, which .. The inner city expands, wrapping a hillside on which it stands, with a plant almost semicircular, whose center is occupied by the Cathedral, which is situated in a dominant position, 286 meters. From the Piazza del Duomo depart radially the three main streets of the city on their way to the Val di Chiana, the Valdarno di Sopra, in the Casentino. Via Garibaldi size, the three major main roads, following the axis of the semi-circle. Outside of it, towards the railway line, there are less ancient neighborhoods, with streets, straight, wide, tree-lined, which refer to the large square in the center of which stands the monument to Guido Monaco erected in 1981 to mark the centenary of the great Arezzo.

A characteristic feature, keep the streets of the medieval Old Town and the cobbled streets lined with buildings in the sixteenth century. Noteworthy is the Cathedral, whose facade is modern renovation, in harmony with the interior architecture, with three naves of Roman-Gothic style, beautiful and hexagonal, also modern and rich in the works of painting and writing. Notable Santa Maria della Pieve with its portals, the work of the thirteenth century, with a high tower campacaria. Fine the churches of S. Francesco (XIII century restored between 1900 and 1920) with the frescoes of Piero della Francesca and St. Dominic (XIII; later restored), built on the design of the Annunciation Nicola Pisano (1491-1517) by Antonio Sangallo, and the Santa Maria delle Grazie (XV) attributed to Benedetto da Majano with its elegant portico, which is reminiscent of the Servants, in Bologna, as well as the Loggia del Vasari.

Arezzo is a city in Tuscany capital of the province, in m. 296 on a mild slope of the northern edge of the Val di Chiana where this is grafted with Casentino, Valdarno, with the wide grooves of the Arno, one to the east, the other west, the Apennine ridge Pratomagno (1592 m).

The city's population is 108,000, which .. The inner city expands, wrapping a hillside on which it stands, with a plant almost semicircular, whose center is occupied by the Cathedral, which is situated in a dominant position, 286 meters. From the Piazza del Duomo depart radially the three main streets of the city on their way to the Val di Chiana, the Valdarno di Sopra, in the Casentino. Via Garibaldi size, the three major main roads, following the axis of the semi-circle. Outside of it, towards the railway line, there are less ancient neighborhoods, with streets, straight, wide, tree-lined, which refer to the large square in the center of which stands the monument to Guido Monaco erected in 1981 to mark the centenary of the great Arezzo.

A characteristic feature, retain the streets of the medieval Old Town and the cobbled streets lined with buildings in the sixteenth century. Noteworthy is the Cathedral, whose facade is modern renovation, in harmony with the interior architecture, with three naves of Roman-Gothic style, beautiful and hexagonal, also modern and rich in the works of painting and writing. Notable Santa Maria della Pieve with its portals, the work of the thirteenth century, with a high tower campacaria. Fine the churches of S. Francesco (XIII century restored between 1900 and 1920) with the frescoes of Piero della Francesca and St. Dominic (XIII; later restored), built on the design of the Annunciation Nicola Pisano (1491-1517) by Antonio Sangallo, and the Santa Maria delle Grazie (XV) attributed to Benedetto da Majano with its elegant portico, which is reminiscent of the Servants, in Bologna, as well as the Loggia del Vasari.

 

Archaeological Etruscan document the existence of Arezzo (Arretium) since the sixth century. BC The city continued to flourish during the Roman period, when it was organized as a town hall with a vast territory.

In the first imperial period its sealed ceramic red coral with relief decoration (ceramic Arezzo) became famous and was exported and then imitated throughout the territory of the Empire. It was famous as much as they are now its industries goldsmith who, along with businesses of various types of Arezzo are one of the richest cities in Italy. The classical period the Archaeological Museum provides rich testimony: his most famous piece is probably the crater of Euphronios 500 BC

Rich and intense was the life of the city in the Middle Ages. We remember only one episode: the clash with Florence Campaldino in 1289 that reminds us of famous verses of Dante Alighieri. Traces the exile Florentine poet is full of rest and the nearby beautiful Casentino valley, one of four in the Arezzo area with Valdarno, Val di Chiana and the Tiber Valley. In 1384 Arezzo was practically "sold" in Florence and from then on his story was that of the Florentine Republic before the Signoria and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany then. Physicians naturally left their mark in the sixteenth-century fortress in the north of the city. In the historical center, who walks along the Corso or the narrow medieval streets that lead up to the highest part where the Gothic cathedral dedicated to San Donato, often has the impression of being inside one of the frescoes of Piero della Francesca's Legend of the True Cross, in St. Francis. In the background of the discovery of the three Crosses, Jerusalem has the traits real dell'Arezzo fifteenth. The Romanesque period the capolacvoro is the church of Santa Maria dei sec. XII and XIII, of great beauty, which contains, amongst other works of art a polyptych by Pietro Lorenzetti. In the Church of San Domenico then there is another exceptional piece, a Crucifix by Cimabue.

In this town was the birthplace of Francesco Petrarch and, a few centuries later, Giorgio Vasari, famous for his Lives, still indispensable text for the biography of the artists until the sixteenth century.

In Arezzo still runs every year the Giostra del Saracino, a traditional festival in costume. With the spear skilled knights on horseback attack the wooden figure of the "tumbler" which in turn can affect horse and rider with a weapon he holds in his right hand if that, once hit, does not go away quickly.

Arezzo: The birth of the free Commune

It is the rebirth after the Mille to trigger a new ferment economic, demographic and housing. Hinge and emblem of the recovery is the birth of the free Commune, which rapidly extends its dominance in the countryside, eroding the noble powers of the ecclesiastical authorities. The presence of a console is attested in Arezzo since 1098.

Around 1200 urban development leads to the construction of a new circle of walls, which on the NE side reconnects to the Etruscan-Roman times, while on the slopes S 0 and embraces a semi-circle the base of the hill with a clipping path still visible in the street Garibaldi (15 Kb). I1 perimeter of the city reaches 2,600 m. and encloses an area of ​​approx. 51 hectares, the main radial village becomes the master. In the course of the thirteenth century are situated at the top of the hill numerous public buildings and casetorre (36 Kb) is completed the construction of the first great basilica of the town hall, the church of S. Maria, a splendid example of Romanesque architecture (14 Kb). At the end of the century, under the influence of the new gothic style which is emerging: the construction of the Cathedral, an event that follows the forced return of the bishopric within the walls (1203), and the churches of two major monastic orders preachers : S. Francis and St. Domenico.

The city life is regulated by the city, governed mainly by the Ghibellines, which extends its control over a vast territory (from Borgo San Sepolcro to Massa Trabaria, mid Valdambra the Valdarno, Casentino from the Chiana Valley) being protagonist of the bloody seizure of Cortona (1258) (11 Kb) and clashing with varying degrees of success with large nearby towns (Siena, Florence, Perugia, Città di Castello).

The defeat suffered by the Ghibellines in Campaldino (1289), where he died the same Guglielmino Ubertini bishop of Arezzo, Florence and Siena puts in possession of large portions of the territory of Arezzo.

The cultural revival includes the opening of the Studium - whose legal systems governing in 1255 one of the oldest medieval universities - the flowering of liberal arts and the business of poets (Guittone, 1235 ca. - 1294) and artists (Margarito d ' Arezzo, 1236 ca. - 1293 approx.), followed by Florentine masters (Cimabue, Crucifix in S. Domenico) and Siena (Pietro Lorenzetti, polyptych of the Parish). In 1304 Arezzo gives birth to Francesco Petrarca, the son of a Florentine escaped.

 

Arezzo: The Lordship of Tarlati

The Rise of Guido Tarlati (bishop in 1312, in 1321 lord for life), home of the powerful Ghibelline Pietramala (his coat of arms is kept at the Coat of Arms of the State (28 Kb), while his cenotaph is located in Cathedral (25 Kb), lifts the city from the defeat of Campaldino and starts in the first decades of the fourteenth century a new, intense period of development.

In the wake of re-conquests and territorial expansion will proceed to a further widening of the walls towards the plains of the south; work is completed, the civic walls enclose an area of ​​107 hectares.

A Guido Tarlati happens in the lordship his brother Pier Saccone (1327), with whom he began a rapid process of decay, in 1337 the city was sold for the first time in Florence, which brought to power the Guelph party.

Recovered their independence and failed several attempts to establish a government mansion, we arrive between 1376 and 1384 to a prolonged political crisis, during which the city is repeatedly sacked. In the same 1384, was sold again in Florence from Enguerrand de Coucy leader for 40 thousand gold florins and definitively tied to the fate of the dominant, Arezzo lost, along with independence, much of its cultural and artistic autonomy.

Spinello Aretino (1346 ca. 1410) is the latest local artist to work in the city in the second half of the fourteenth century, in the course of the next century the cultural environment Arezzo is dominated by the personality of training in Florence, which leave a clear imprint even in ' architecture town, in the transition from the Gothic to the Renaissance.

In the fifteenth century operate in Arezzo Bernardo Rossellini (Palace of the Fraternity), Benedetto da Majano (portico of S. Maria delle Grazie), Giuliano da Majano (cloister of the Badia), Parri di Spinello, Bartolomeo della Gatta (a project of the Church of the Annunciation ).

But the event of greatest flow rate is the assignment of Piero della Francesca frescoes in the choir of the church of S. Francis, from office, awarded in 1453, was born the famous cycle of the Legend of the True Cross, which was to come into the category of masterpieces of Italian art and universal. They come from Arezzo, however, men like the humanist Leonardo Bruni (35 Kb) (1374 approx. -1444), Author of the Historia Florentina, writers Benedict (13 Kb) (1415 -1466), Francesco (1416-1488) and Bernardo ( 1458 1535) Welcomed the corrosive writer Pietro Aretino (1492-1556).

 

Small tips for finding their own solutions for holidays in Tuscany.

 

Those who approach the idea of ​​spending his holidays on the Tuscan coast will need to consult a guide coast hotels Tuscany to find hotels on the Tuscan coast or hotel on the Tuscan Riviera.

 

The Italianists prefer to look for hotels or hotels on the Tuscan coast in Tuscany.

 

It should however be considered that the Etruscan Coast is in fact in Maremma

(Remember that reaches up to the Maremma Livorno), then refer to the guide in the Tuscan coast hotels will be well oriented to the voice holidays in Maremma and search for hotels in the fen or, if you prefer, hotels in the fen.

 

Given that in recent years tourism has largely shown a preference for solutions besides housing type hotel, residences in Tuscany, holiday apartment in Tuscany, holiday apartments on the Costa Tuscan vacation homes for rent have become frequent items search of help texts Tuscan tourism or tourism guide the Tuscan coast.

 

The search for residence on the Tuscan Coast could be profitable since the topic is more general in apartments for rent, holiday Tuscan sea, sailing holiday, summer holidays Tuscany.

 

It is not to be neglected even the search for rooms Tuscany, basically we are talking about Tuscany Italy, holiday apartment Tuscany, someone with more economic means looking Tuscan villa or villa rentals Tuscany Tuscan coast.

 

For those who opted for a specific area such as the Etruscan coast or to Castiglioncello in a particular way, it will be well to remember that the search terms to be extended to Castiglioncello holiday besides vacation rental Tuscany Tuscany beach or camping or even Tuscany.

 

Then there is the chapter of the holiday apartment very popular among couples and even by couples with a baby. Studios for rent Tuscany is therefore a search term very profitable, as well as studios or studio accommodation Tuscany Coast Tuscany.

 

For those in search of the substance and a room can be enough rooms or rooms holiday accommodation Tuscany Coast Tuscany or even rooms for rent Tuscany should be appropriate search terms as well as rooms Tuscany.

 

Last but not least, we must remember 's Farm or Farm Holidays Tuscany Tuscany.

 

It is also for this second chapter as previously said about the Maremma, then checking the Tuscan coast hotels guide or even sleep in Tuscany where the need to search for or type the entries residence in Maremma, Maremma apartments, hotels or hotels in Maremma in the fen.

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Florence, city of art par excellence, born in Florence great names such as Dante, Boccaccio, Machiavelli and Galileo Galilei. Florence has also been graced by the works of Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Donatello and Giotto.

Anyone visiting Florence is never left disappointed! This is due to a cultural and artistic heritage almost unique in Europe and in the world, which has its base in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in its heyday. Florence, along with Rome, are the history of our civilization. In Florence, in the fifteenth century, were postte the basics to revive art and culture. Here, thanks to writers such as Dante, Petrarch, and Machiavelli was born the Italian culture and language. Artists such as Botticelli, Michelangelo and Donatello made one of the artistic capitals of the world.

 

SOME 'OF HISTORY

 

Florence was founded in 59 BC by the Romans, who named Florentia.Si note the "cardo maximus" in the current Via Strozzi, Via degli Speziali and Via del Corso, and the "decumanus" Calimala in the street, Via Roma, Via Por Santa Maria . In the Piazza della Repubblica was the Forum. During the imperial period the city saw increasing its wealth, became a shopping center where there were craftsmen in the workshops, which then make the famous Florence. During the barbarian invasions, the city suffered many sieges by the Ostrogoths, the Byzantines and the Goths of Totila. Since the invasion of the Lombards at the first mention of a Duke in the city, the people gathered around the Bishops, in fact at that time they build monasteries, which became centers of culture and business. It was conquered by the Lombards in the sixth century, and only later the city emerged from the mists of the Middle Ages as a city-state indipendente.Quando the Lombards were defeated by the Franks, the Duke was replaced by Count. The Counts were succeeded by the Marquis, one should remember the admiration of the people of Florence for the Countess Matilda in 1085 that armed himself against Henry IV, and guaranteed to the town half a century of wise policy. He reached the highest heights of splendor between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, becoming one of the major centers of power in Italy, a balance between the authority of the Emperors and Popes, overcoming the problems of internal fighting between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. In the fifteenth century Florence came under the rule of the Medici family, wealthy banking dynasty that later became the Grand Dukes of Tuscany. Florence and throughout Tuscany remained under the rule of the Medici family for three centuries. It was just that the heyday of the city, from the point of view of artistic, cultural, political and economic. The city grew in a frightening way. Painters, sculptors and architects filled streets, churches and buildings with the greatest works of the Renaissance. The Grand Duchy of the Medicis was succeeded, in the eighteenth century, that of Lorraine, until 1860, the year in which Tuscany became part of the Kingdom of Italy of which Florence was the capital from 1865 to 1871.

FLORENCE, 1000-1300

 

The city of Florence in the XI and XII expands and went to the south, on the right bank of the Arno. Over the river rose the first villages, and then in 1172 they built a second wall. Within the first wall, the urban fabric was very thick, consisting mainly of case-towers, however, between the first and second wall construction was much more sparse and regular, consisting of terraced houses. Between the twelfth and thirteenth century, the city increased its sales force, the core of this force is made by artisans, blacksmiths, shoemaker, of the goldsmiths, with particular development in the processing of wool. At the end of 1100 the city had reached its municipal autonomy. In the thirteenth century the government was made by the Consuls, with the help of Citizens Advice. Those who held power in the higher classes were chosen accordingly rivalry arose between the richest families. The families were brought together in alliances, this condition goes under the company name of the towers, the houses grew in height, if they became a fortress and by movable bridges, allied families, formed a system of towers easily defensible. The condition of the company town imposed an architecture of houses elongated vertically, with narrow openings, holes and brackets for the beams of the movable bridges. The discord between the major families became more and more severe until the formation of two parties, the Guelphs that loyal to the Pope hostile to the Emperor, and Ghibellines, loyal to the Emperor hostile to the Pope At first the Ghibellines had the upper hand, but the Their success was short and in 1250 the Guelphs returned to power. The City had a sort consists of the Signoria and the city enjoyed a period of great prosperity. In this period, the treaties of alliance with Lucca, Siena, Arezzo and purchases of Volterra, San Gimignano, Poggibonsi. All this wealth did rekindle the conflict between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, and after a short period of Ghibelline domain, the Guelphs resumed power and finally claimed their rule over the city. Great importance was divided into major and minor guilds, among the major arts were the Arte della Lana, that of Calimala, one of the Judges and Notaries, Physicians and Apothecaries, which brought wealth and prosperity in the city. At the end of the thirteenth century, is defined as the political and religious center of the city, with the construction of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore and Palazzo Vecchio. The triumph of the people, also led to the triumph of his tongue "vulgar", which is stated as written and spoken language, because of all the dialects was the most harmonious. With the wealth was the desire to make the city more beautiful, have the first Florentine personalities such as Cimabue, Gaddo Gaddi for painting, Arnolfo di Cambio for sculpture, and announced the genius of Dante and Giotto. There is a plethora of churches: S. Michele Visdomini, SS. Apostles, St. Nicholas, Santa Margherita Sopr'Arno, which will be added to the Baptistery and the church of Santa Reparata.

Florence, 1300-1400

 

In the first half of the fourteenth century there are very important events for the social and economic life of Florence. Under the pressure of the growth phase, there were many plants of new towns, in fact the Walled Terre Florence, were intended to support the choices of the local political formations, taking the leadership. At the beginning of the century the urban fabric of the city and the development lines developed in the previous century do not undergo modifications background. L 'last walls began in 1248, was completed in 1333, the circle included the towns and new industrial, religious, that were formed outside the doors of some of the existing roof, near the main road axes. Some of the new poles were born to the action carried out by various mendicant orders (Carmelites, Franciscans). These were orders from time settled in the vicinity of the previous circle, along the main routes: Via Romana, the paths towards the Valdarno, the way to the area of ​​Prato - Pistoia, the way to Mugello and passes towards Bologna. In addition to these settlements along the circle you had settlements of a patrician, who had created important changes in the urban fabric. Then you notice a rise of new building types. The phenomenon was due especially to the richest families, who had strong interests in the countryside. Other changes occur in the area within the ancient circle of 1078, particularly in the area around the market. These interventions require a readjustment of the city to the new functional requirements and especially the image. This century is characterized by different lines of transformation of the urban fabric. Large families were the protagonists of the aggregation properties of the building, and typological transformations. In these classes we owe the creation of hospitals, charitable religious. The rules were issued by the Judiciary and bodies of the Municipality, and took care of the line referred to the initiatives of the public, so the places intended for public representation and the city's infrastructure. Another line of transformation was that of the new building initiatives, the promoters were generally religious bodies or other corporations, such as the Arts The building type was that of houses arranged next to each other, located on lots with front road greatly reduced. The Florence of this century was renewed with respect to the thirteenth century, but the pattern of operation was always the same. The urban fabric was configured according to a hierarchical conception and in its parts, which in its functions, and then reflected the hierarchical structure of the institutions of the time. After that was completed last walls, the territory was divided into four districts, each district was divided into four banners. In the oldest, the one around the Old Market, there were the residences and shops of many ancient families, as well as major political offices. In particular, had settled the premises of the Arts principal. This is then presented as a very saturated, characterized by a street fabric minute, and a housing very thickened. In the confined space of the oldest part of the city, were opposed to the squares around the Cathedral and the Baptistery. A fabric was more contrasted between the band occupied by the penultimate circle and the circuit last circle. In this area the plot very dense houses and small shops, were the great monastic buildings or religious mendicant orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans. The towers were frequent in this part of town, some of which were incorporated in other buildings. In correspondence with small squares were the Lodges who welcomed meetings, becoming a standard in the relations of Florentine life. In the center of the city there were many construction sites, aimed at creating works of prestige, because continuing the work of the Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore), where it works is that the Talents Giotto, the Campanile of the Cathedral. Next to the cathedral were built, the church of Orsanmichele, the Loggia del Bigallo, working at the Loggia del Mercato, the Loggia dei Lanzi was redone the Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella, and the Franciscan Santa Croce, Palazzo del Podesta (the Bargello), the system Piazza Signoria. It also worked to Carraia Bridge and Old Bridge (rebuilt in 1345). An important feature was that the presence of shops on the bridges (now remained only on Ponte Vecchio). The work of architectural renovation of the city, were assigned to Arnolfo di Cambio, thanks to him the Gothic style, popular in Europe by the Order Cluniac, acquires a balanced character, mediating with the Romanesque style manages to get in buildings, both civil and religious, an example of Gothic solemn, with bursts of content and harmonious. The city was splitting into two distinct parts: a more centrally located to the north of the river, the other outer lying around the first. The course of the Arno functioned as the backbone for the whole city, in fact there were excavations river, mills, fulling mills, was also an important source to pick up gravel and sand for construction. The clear articulation between parts of the city not to be found in the distribution of classes in the urban fabric of the city. The upper classes were not above the contact with the subordinate classes, the social fabric was mixed, next to the palace of the noble was flanked by the workshops, the craftsmen's workshops. At the end of the century we are increasingly close links between the citizens of Florence and the countryside. The landscape is modified by the interest of its citizens to invest in residences outside the city and the landscape takes on the appearance built and designed that has so captured the imagination of visitors.

FLORENCE, 1400

 

The fifteenth century is for the city of Florence, a moment of recovery, both economic and cultural. The glory that you have given life to these new impulses, which then express the concept of rebirth, renewal of art, which will give birth to the Renaissance, goes all the city, which becomes the focus of this cultural movement. The Renaissance since its first phase of training, around the beginning of the fifteenth century, develops new issues, approaching the ancient with the spirit of innovation. The movement appears to be closely connected with the new Florentine merchant class, and just the new class, consisting of the families of the Picts, the Rucellai, the Medici, Strozzi, become promoters of the new culture and the new architectural taste. The Medici family, first with Cosimo the Elder, then with Lorenzo the Magnificent, he collaborates with artists, philosophers, studying fervently that the real debug a conception of 'man that expresses the desires of the new Signoria. As part of the culture of the Florentine Renaissance, Cosimo the Elder, who was the head of this great renewal movement, protecting the artists, encourages building initiatives and artistic useful to the city. In his dwellings met the Platonic Academy, Cosimo and after him Giuliano and Lorenzo were an active part in the debates, discussing good governance and art. Great fervor took place in the literary field, with Poggio Bracciolini, Coluccio Salutati, in philosophy, with Marsilio Ficino renewing the Platonic Academy at Careggi, we find in the architecture, Filippo Brunelleschi, followed by Michelozzo Michelozzo, Leon Battista Alberti, Bernardo Rossellini , Giuliano da Majano, Giuliano da San Gallo. Stimulation of this of this work is the study of 'art, culture and the Greek and Roman philosophy, studied scientifically. The artist will use traditional techniques, with a new consciousness, trying to deepen the investigation into the nature of reality and then the Renaissance artist, following this path, it works by combining the art scientific knowledge, which becomes common matrix , from which the artist can not be separated. Nature and art, they become two important factors, the knowledge of reality presupposes the study and knowledge of new media, the artist will be in perspective, perspective, which becomes an instrument of knowledge to measure and reproduce reality. These new studies will give splendid results in the fields of painting and sculpture, and will form the basis of the greatest works of painting, architecture and sculpture. In architecture the new studies are answered in the work of Brunelleschi, Donatello and Masaccio with, a key figure of the Florentine Renaissance. His masterpiece is the dome of St. Maria del Fiore, which summarizes its activities in a comprehensive manner. In addition to the Dome, working at the Ospedale degli Innocent, the Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo, around 1423, the Church of San Lorenzo, the church of S. Spirit in 1436. Between 1429 and 1443, directed the work of the Pazzi Chapel, Brunelleschi was the creator of the classic Renaissance palace in Florence, Palazzo Pitti is an example. The new mercantile society, is revealed in the elegant and robust architecture of the mansion. We have initiatives of groups fixing power in areas not central residences, too, for the greater ease of finding areas in the outer zones of the fabric of the city. You therefore have important consequences for urban planning, projected towards the affirmation of the desire of the leadership group, and enter the phase involving the new types of Renaissance palaces. The buildings that are built tend to define a type of regular building, with a square plan, an inner courtyard with columns. Palazzo Medici, Palazzo Pitti, Palazzo Strozzi, Rucellai Palace, are the new buildings that reflect the assertion of the wealth and power of the leading Florentine families.

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